Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS). The immune system attacks the myelin that covers and protects the nerves, causing communication problems between the brain and body. Due to its effect on the CNS, most symptoms of MS are related to muscular control.
Unfortunately, symptoms tend to be unpredictable and each person experiences them differently. For some, the symptoms worsen consistently over time while for others, they come and go.
Here are the 10 most common signs and symptoms of this neurological disease:
1. Visual Problems
One of the early signs of MS is visual disturbances caused by inflammation of the optic nerve, called Optic Neuritis. Typically, this results in pain behind the eyes, headaches, blurriness, double vision, and vision loss.
2. Tingling and Numbness
MS causes inflammation of the spinal cord which interferes with the transmission of nerve signals from different parts of the body to the brain. As a result, people suffering from MS often experience intermittent periods of numbness and tingling sensations in the face, arms, legs, and fingers.
3. Fatigue
80% of people suffering from MS will experience chronic fatigue. This fatigue – which typically comes on suddenly – is caused by the continued deterioration of the nerves in the spinal cord. Those who suffer from MS often describe this tiredness as overwhelming and debilitating, making it near impossible to carry out simple daily tasks.
4. Muscle Spasms
Involuntary muscle spasms – where they contract tightly and painfully – are common in people with MS. These spasms usually cause involuntary jerking movements in the legs, although they may also affect other limbs. Limbs may also experience spasticity, where they become stiff and won’t move for a period of time. Sudden movement or even temperature extremes can trigger stiffness and spasms in people with MS.
5. Pain
There are two types of pain experienced by those suffering from MS. 50% of people living with MS experience chronic neuropathic pain, which occurs because of the damage to the nerves. This can feel like stabbing, burning, pins and needles, or squeezing in various parts of the body.
Musculoskeletal pain in the back, neck, and joints is another type experienced by people with MS. This often arises if a person is also experiencing mobility issues because of the disease.
6. Vertigo and Dizziness
Vertigo is a common symptom in MS during which a person feels light-headed or that their surroundings are spinning. This condition is caused by the damage to the central nervous system pathways that coordinate balance and vision.
7. Bladder Dysfunction
Studies have found that 80% of people with MS experience bladder problems. These bladder problems may be in the form of:
- Incontinence
- Frequent urination (polyuria or nocturia)
- Inability to completely empty the bladder
MS patients may also experience bowel problems such as constipation, diarrhea, or loss of bowel control.
8. Impaired Cognitive Function
The lesions caused by MS in the brain result in impaired brain function in more than 50% of people with MS. Cognitive functions such as memory, the ability to focus, and learning are usually affected.
9. Sexual Health Problems
The damage to the CNS that occurs in MS can affect normal sexual responses. Consequently, erectile dysfunction and decreased libido are common symptoms in MS patients.
10. Psychological disorders
In chronic diseases such as MS, psychological disorders are common. An estimated 43% of MS patients suffer from anxiety disorders according to the Multiple Sclerosis Association of America.
It is important to consult a doctor immediately if you suspect that you are experiencing symptoms of MS. With medication and proper management, people with MS can reduce the affect of symptoms and enjoy a good quality of life.